Tag: TGA – Treasury General Account

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Commentary

Rehab

“There’s no put; the Trump call on the upside is, if we have good policies, then the markets will go up.” – Secretary Scott Bessent

Macroeconomic Context: ‘A Detox Period’

Economic and (geo)political uncertainty intersect with broader forces as the S&P 500 adjusts to positioning and liquidity realities.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Leading up to the recent decline, market breadth (measuring how many stocks participate in a market move) had weakened. While a handful of dominant stocks masked the weakness, the underlying market was thinning out. Such dispersion [1] [2] [3], where some stocks surge while others lag, can create an illusion of stability in some market environments.

At the same time, liquidity—cash and credit availability—steadily drained from the system. Mechanisms like the reverse repo facility (where banks park excess cash with the Federal Reserve), the Treasury General Account (the government’s cash balance), and money market flows help offset [1] shortfalls. However, this time, they offered little cushion.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bianco Research.

New policies—such as tariffs and trade restrictions—reinforce market trends and drive investors toward safer assets like bonds. There is a growing preference for lower bond yields over short-term stock market gains.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

While the Federal Reserve controls short-term interest rates, long-term rates are more influenced by broader factors such as inflation expectations, economic growth, and investor sentiment.

Although lower long-term rates can support risk assets, their more immediate and significant impact is on the broader economy. Lowering them reduces borrowing costs for homeowners and businesses, encouraging investment and consumption. Additionally, lowering these yields helps with servicing government debt burdens and improving fiscal stability.

The shifts are intentional. Policymakers are transitioning the economy from dependence on government stimulus, but this adjustment comes with growing pains. Policy narratives and actions may weaken markets and slow economic activity in the short term. One reason receiving attention is the wealth effect—wealthier households, who drive a significant share of consumer spending, tend to spend more when stocks rise. Conversely, market drops can curb this effect and feed an economic slowdown.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg via @amitisinvesting.

Positioning Context: Setting Up For A Rip

History doesn’t repeat, but it often rhymes. Today’s setup echoes late summer 2024, albeit without the sharp volatility repricing. The difference? This time, investors were prepared, with hedges to act as insurance against market turmoil. The selling has been orderly, creating an illusion of stability and sustaining optimism.

Graphic: Retrieved from JPMorgan Chase via @Marlin_Capital.

This ongoing decline began in mid-February, coinciding with the unwinding of significant amounts of call options—contracts to buy stocks at a set price. This added indirect pressure on the market through hedging-related flows.

SpotGamma expresses this view, highlighting that the February expiration was “call-weighted” due to strong stock performance leading up to it. This increased the likelihood of a pullback, as call sellers unwound their long stock hedges—a simplified explanation, as other offsetting positions may also be in play.

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma.

At the same time, after market shocks in August and December 2024, investors focused more on guarding against sudden volatility spikes rather than hedging against a broader market downturn. This pattern is familiar—the S&P 500 and the Cboe Volatility Index (VIX), which measures expected market volatility, sometimes rise together ahead of market peaks.

Graphic: Retrieved from @AndrewThrasher.

Meanwhile, within market supply dynamics, this activity has effectively set a floor under VIX pricing, as reflected in the VVIX trending higher since the volatility of late last summer.

Graphic: Retrieved from TradingView.

The result? Despite preparations for increased volatility, it hasn’t materialized, frustrating hedge holders and making it harder to identify a market bottom typically marked by extreme volatility spikes. Even with a backwardated implied volatility term structure (where short-term volatility is priced higher than longer-term volatility), anxiety and market movements remain out of sync.

Graphic: Retrieved from TradingView. 1-month VIX less 3-month VIX.

Over time, some traders might shift to longer-dated options, while others might drop their hedges altogether, which could amplify volatility-selling behavior. Ironically, this could create the conditions for shocks they were trying to hedge against.

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma.

Given this environment, 2022’s playbook becomes relevant. Back then, investors—rattled by the COVID crash—were prepared, monetizing hedges into declines and keeping a lid on volatility. We may see parallels now. After last week’s economic data, hedgers have been supplying volatility back to the market, offering brief relief as we potentially enter a seasonally stronger period.

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma.

The main takeaway? Current positioning dynamics indicate that investors have effectively managed and responded to the downside. While markets will be volatile, significant shocks may be delayed or avoided.

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma and for illustrative purposes only. SPX prices X-axis. Option delta Y-axis. When the factors of implied volatility (Vanna) and time change (Charm), hedging ratios change. If investors hedge by selling stock to offset long put options, falling implied volatility (as seen in the skew chart above) leads them to buy back the stock, which can support markets.

Context Applied: Trade Structuring

We adapted previously shared structuring guides. Given volatility’s failure to perform, we opted for downside ratios and flies. This worked, and we plan on developing some case studies.

A potential cyclical rebound within a broader period of weakness could be expressed via low-cost positive-delta (bullish) structures, including buying calls while proportionately hedging with stocks or futures, where potential gains from the calls can outweigh hedge-related losses. Additionally, as we prefer, one can deploy verticals and flies, buying options closer to the current market prices while selling more options further out (with an extra far-out option bought to reduce margin requirements if needed).

Graphic: Retrieved from @dailychartbook.

We and others agree that the Nasdaq 100 (NDX) and higher beta stocks are appealing. For one, relative strength pockets emerge in the NDX versus the SPX, potentially attributable to tariffs disproportionately impacting non-tech sectors. Checking options skews, and NDX options farther away in price may be underpriced for the eventually realized volatility.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg via Nicholas Smith.

For more on structuring across different products, be they gold or Bitcoin, see our Mar-a-Lago Accords letter published last month.

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We do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of any information. Please do not rely solely on our content to make investment decisions or undertake any investment strategy. Trading is risky, and investors can lose all or more than their initial investment. Hypothetical performance results have limitations and may not reflect actual trading results. Other factors related to the markets and specific trading programs can adversely affect actual trading results. We recommend seeking independent financial advice from a licensed professional before making investment decisions.

We don’t make any claims, representations, or warranties about the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or reliability of any information we provide. We are not liable for any loss or damage caused by reliance on any information we provide. We are not liable for direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or damages from the information provided. We do not have a professional relationship with you and are not your financial advisor. We do not provide personalized investment advice.

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Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For March 17, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read free by thousands of subscribers. Join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

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Graphic updated 8:50 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /MES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /MES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. The lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility. UMBS prices via MND. Click here for the economic calendar.

Fundamental

Higher asset prices boosted household wealth and demand; consumers’ increased ability to spend more wealth pushed up inflation. If policymakers use their tools to lower household wealth and demand, this should cut down on inflation.

Kai Volatility’s Cem Karsan says the latter was a policy objective and recent financial institution failures are a sign of follow-through; excesses and speculation are being removed, as policymakers desired.

https://twitter.com/TDANetwork/status/1636445527041515522?s=20

Policymakers don’t want liquidations, however. They want lower asset prices. Recent events put policymakers in an odd position after raising rates non-stop. In the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) case, and we paraphrase Karsan, policy/rates moved very quickly with little pause. With there being a lag, the Fed may want to pause and assess. However, they have to telegraph this carefully so that the market does not read it as a pivot. If the market rallies, that “makes things hotter,” Karsan says.

There’s already been an overreaction in the bond market, he adds, which is not ideal. The Fed does not want the long end of the yield curve to fall, as it has on the back of the turmoil and intervention, as well as data including housing starts which show more supply coming onto the market, likely a mortgage application booster in the near term.

Graphic: Retrieved from USTreasuryYieldCurve.com.

Even at the front end, there’s been lots of movement. This has “forc[ed] widespread risk liquidation,” Bloomberg says. Take a look at the Three-Month SOFR (FUTURE: /SR3), a tool used to hedge USD short-term interest rates.

Graphic: Retrieved from Charles Schwab Corporation-owned (NYSE: SCHW) TD Ameritrade’s thinkorswim platform.

The consensus, which Karsan agrees with, is that the Fed moves forward with a 25 basis point hike while telegraphing it wants the long end of the curve to rise or higher for longer as it is colloquially referred to.

Graphic: Retrieved from CME Group Inc’s (NASDAQ: CME) FedWatch Tool.

It is possible for the US policymakers to adopt a meeting-by-meeting stance, as their counterparts have in Europe, letting uncertainties regarding the likes of Credit Suisse Group AG (which just received a ~$54 billion or so liquidity backstop and is mulling a combination with other lenders), SVB Financial Group (NASDAQ: SVB) and First Republic Bank (NYSE: FRC) pan out.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg. “[T]he credit extended through the two backstops show a banking system that is still fragile and dealing with deposit migration in the wake of the failure of Silicon Valley Bank of California and Signature Bank of New York last week.” Per John Authers: the phenomenal borrowing from the Fed’s discount window suggests that if these are just liquidity problems, they are widespread and serious. Further, the point of the exercise is to slow down the economy, which will in time tend to put pressure on banks’ solvency.”

Pausing, or intending to pause explicitly, could raise inflation expectations or “boost the odds of a recession by spooking consumers and companies into believing that the economy is worse off than they thought,” Bloomberg explains, noting: “All told, the emergency loans reversed around half of the balance-sheet shrinkage that the Fed has achieved since it began so-called quantitative tightening — allowing its portfolio of assets to run down — in June last year.”

Graphic: Compiled by Physik Invest. Per Jefferies Financial Group Inc’s (NYSE: JEF) Christopher Wood: “2022 was the year when US equities suffered multiple contraction from monetary tightening. This year will be the year when earnings downgrades hit the stock market if the US recession forecast proves to be accurate. This is now the key issue in world financial markets. Then 2024 will be the year when markets will have to deal with the emerging credit problems in the private space.”

Positioning

Heading into this most recent market decline, investors foresaw increased volatility and were positioned for it as indicated by the pricing of tail risk and performance of implied volatility or IVOL (as investors continued to demand protection during this window of non-strength), said Laya Royer of Citadel Securities.

Recall that Kris Sidial warned us of this. Options, colloquially referred to as volatility, would serve as the only hedge in an environment wherein commodities, stocks, and bonds don’t combine or balance each other as well as they did in 2022.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Now, there are options expirations (OpEx) nearing (March 16 and 31); monetization of profitable options structures, as well as volatility compression and options decay, have counterparties buying back their short stock and/or futures hedges (to the short put positions they have on), boosting the market (particularly the depressed and rate-sensitive Nasdaq 100) through this OpEx/triple witching window.

Graphic: Retrieved from Cboe Global Markets (BATS: CBOE).

Following this period, the “rollover” of existing positions may result in “price swings” that last, Bloomberg puts forth. “This quarterly expiry may help unpin the market.”

Structures proposed in the Daily Brief for March 14 may work in reducing portfolio downside while allowing you to participate directionally at less cost.

Technical

As of 8:50 AM ET, Friday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the lower part of a negatively skewed overnight inventory, inside of the prior day’s range, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $3,970.75. 

Key levels to the upside include $4,004.75, $4,037.00, and $4,059.25.

Key levels to the downside include $3,946.75, $3,921.25, and $3,891.00.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels likely hold barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 (FUTURE: /MES) at the middle bottom.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

The author, Renato Leonard Capelj, spends the bulk of his time at Physik Invest, an entity through which he invests and publishes free daily analyses to thousands of subscribers. The analyses offer him and his subscribers a way to stay on the right side of the market. 

Separately, Capelj is an accredited journalist with past works including interviews with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Connect

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com. Find Physik Invest on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram. Find Capelj on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Only follow the verified profiles.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes. Capelj and Physik Invest manage their own capital and will not solicit others for it.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For March 3, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read free by thousands of subscribers. Join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

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Graphic updated 7:00 AM ET. Sentiment Risk-On if expected /MES open is above the prior day’s range. /MES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. The lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility. UMBS prices via MND. Click here for the economic calendar.

Administrative

Lots of content today but a bit rushed at the desk. If anything is unclear, we will clarify it in the coming sessions. Have a great weekend! – Renato

Fundamental

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief for March 2 talked about balancing the implications of still-hot inflation and an economy on solid footing. Basically, the probability the economy is in a recession is lower than it was at the end of ‘22. For the probabilities to change markedly, there would have to be a big increase in unemployment, for one.

According to a blog by Unlimited’s Bruce McNevin, if the unemployment rate rises by about 1%, recession odds go up by 29%. If the non-farm payroll employment falls by about 2% or 3 million jobs, recession odds increase by about 74%. After a year or so of tightening, unemployment measures are finally beginning to pick up.

Policymakers, per recent remarks, maintain that more needs to be done, however. For instance, the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) Raphael Bostic, who generally carries an easier stance on monetary policy, mulled whether the Fed should raise interest rates beyond the 5.00-5.25% terminal rate consensus he previously endorsed. This commentary, coupled with newly released economic data, has sent yields surging at the front end. 

Graphic: Retrieved from TradingView.

Traders are wildly repricing their terminal rate expectations this week. The terminal rate over the past few days has gone up from 5.25-5.50% to 5.50-5.75%, and back down to 5.25-5.50%.

Graphic: Retrieved from CME Group Inc (NASDAQ: CME).

Positioning

Stocks and bonds performed poorly. Commodity hedges are uninspiring also in that they do not hedge against (rising odds of) recession, per the Daily Brief for March 1. 

In navigating this precarious environment, this letter has put forward a few trade ideas including the sale of call options structures to finance put options structures, after the mid-February monthly options expiration (OpEx). Though measures suggest “we can [still] get cheap exposure to convexity while a lot of people are worried,” the location for similar (short call, long put) trades is not optimal. Rather, trades including building your own structured note, now catching the attention of some traders online, appear attractive now with T-bill rates surging.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Such trades reduce portfolio volatility and downside while providing upside exposure comparable to poorly performing traditional portfolio constructions like 60/40.

As an example, per IPS Strategic Capital’s Pat Hennessy, with $1,000,000 to invest and rates at ~5% (i.e., $50,000 is 5% of $1,000,000), one could buy 1000 USTs or S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX) Box Spreads which will have a value of $1 million at maturity for the price of $950,000.

With $50,000 left in cash, one can use options for leveraged exposure to an asset of their choosing, Hennessy explained. Should these options expire worthless, the $50,000 gain from USTs, at maturity, provides “a full return of principal.”

For traders who are focused on short(er)-term movements, one could allocate the cash remaining toward structures that buy and sell call options over very short time horizons (e.g., 0 DTE).

Knowing that the absence of range expansion to the downside, positioning flows may build a platform for the market to rally, one could lean into structures like fixed-width call option butterflies.

For instance, yesterday, Nasdaq 100 (INDEX: NDX) call option butterflies expanded in value ~10 times (i.e., $5 → $50). An example 0 DTE trade is the BUTTERFLY NDX 100 (Weeklys) 2 MAR 23 12000/12100/12200 CALL. Such trade could have been bought near ~$5.00 in debit and, later, sold for much bigger credits (e.g., ~$40.00).

Such trade fits and plays on the narrative described in Physik Invest’s Daily Brief for February 24. That particular letter detailed Bank of America Corporation’s (NYSE: BAC) finding that “volume is uniquely skewed towards the ask early in the day but towards the bid later in the day” for these highly traded ultra-short-dated options.

Graphic: Retrieved from Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS) via Bloomberg. 

Even options insight and data provider SqueezeMetrics agrees: “Buy 0 DTE call.” The typical “day doesn’t end above straddle b/e, but call makes money,” SqueezeMetrics explained. “Dealer and call-buyer both profit. Gap down, repeat.”

Anyways, back to the bigger trends impacted by liquidity coming off the table and increased competition between equities and fixed income.

Graphic: Via Physik Invest. Net Liquidity = Fed Balance Sheet – Treasury General Account – Reverse Repo.

As this letter put forth in the past, if the “market consolidates and doesn’t break,” as we see, the delta buy-back with respect to dropping implied volatility (IVOL) or vanna and buy-back with respect to the passage of time or charm could build a platform for a FOMO-driven call buying rally that ends in a blow-off. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Piper Sandler’s (NYSE: PIPR) Danny Kirsch. Short volatility and short stocks was attractive to trade. As your letter writer put in a recent SpotGamma note: “With IV at already low levels, the bullish impact of it falling further is weak, hence the SPX trending lower all the while IV measures (e.g., VIX term structure) have shifted markedly lower since last week. If IV was at a higher starting point, its falling would work to keep the market in a far more positive/bullish stance.”

Per data by SpotGamma, another options insight and data provider your letter writer used to write for and highly recommends checking out, call buying, particularly over short time horizons, was often tied to market rallies. 

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma via Bloomberg.

“0DTE does not seem to be associated with betting on a large downside movement. Large downside market volatility appears to be driven by larger, longer-dated S&P volume,” SpotGamma founder Brent Kochuba said in the Bloomberg article. “Where 0DTE is currently most impactful is where it seems 0DTE calls are being used to ‘buy the dips’ after large declines. In a way this suppresses volatility.”

Anyways, the signs of a “more combustible situation” would likely show when “volatility is sticky into a rally,” explained Kai Volatiity’s Cem Karsan. To gauge combustibility, look to the Daily Brief for February 17.

Technical

As of 6:50 AM ET, Friday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the upper part of a positively skewed overnight inventory, outside of the prior day’s range, suggesting a potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $3,988.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $3,999.25, $4,012.25, and $4,024.75.

Key levels to the downside include $3,975.25, $3,965.25, and $3,947.00.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels likely hold barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

Vanna: The rate at which the Delta of an option changes with respect to implied volatility.

Charm: The rate at which the Delta of an option changes with respect to time.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

MCPOCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent over numerous sessions. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

Options Expiration (OPEX): Reduction in dealer Gamma exposure. Often, there is an increase in volatility after the removal of large options positions and associated hedging.

Options: Options offer an efficient way to gain directional exposure.

If an option buyer was short (long) stock, he or she could buy a call (put) to hedge upside (downside) exposure. Additionally, one can spread, or buy (+) and sell (-) options together, strategically.

Commonly discussed spreads include credit, debit, ratio, back, and calendar.

  • Credit: Sell -1 option closer to the money. Buy +1 option farther out of the money.
  • Debit: Buy +1 option closer to the money. Sell -1 option farther out of the money.
  • Ratio: Buy +1 option closer to the money. Sell -2 options farther out of the money. 
  • Back: Sell -1 option closer to the money. Buy +2 options farther out of the money.
  • Calendar: Sell -1 option. Buy +1 option farther out in time, at the same strike.

Typically, if bullish (bearish), sell at-the-money put (call) credit spread and/or buy a call (put) debit/ratio spread structured around the target price. Alternatively, if the expected directional move is great (small), opt for a back spread (calendar spread). Also, if credit spread, capture 50-75% of the premium collected. If debit spread, capture 2-300% of the premium paid.

Be cognizant of risk exposure to the direction (Delta), movement (Gamma), time (Theta), and volatility (Vega). 

  • Negative (positive) Delta = synthetic short (long).
  • Negative (positive) Gamma = movement hurts (helps).
  • Negative (positive) Theta = time decay hurts (helps).
  • Negative (positive) Vega = volatility hurts (helps).

About

The author, Renato Leonard Capelj, spends the bulk of his time at Physik Invest, an entity through which he invests and publishes free daily analyses to thousands of subscribers. The analyses offer him and his subscribers a way to stay on the right side of the market. 

Separately, Capelj is an accredited journalist with past works including interviews with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Connect

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com. Find Physik Invest on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram. Find Capelj on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Only follow the verified profiles.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes. Capelj and Physik Invest manage their own capital and will not solicit others for it.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For March 1, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read free by thousands of subscribers. Join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

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Graphic updated 9:25 AM ET. Sentiment Risk-Off if expected /MES open is below the prior day’s range. /MES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. The lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility. UMBS prices via MND. Click here for the economic calendar.

Administrative

Pardon, the delay. Also, the levels in this letter are a little messy to the downside. Too many confluences. Will clear them up over the coming days. Have a great day!

Fundamental

In the face of contrarian economic indications, based on CME Group Inc’s (NASDAQ: CME) FedWatch Tool, traders’ activity in the Fed Fund Futures shows the terminal rate peaking at 5.25-5.50%. Expectations for easing are pushed out to 2024, though at a less steep rate. This context, coupled with the prospects of slower economic growth, presents uninspiring realities for investors.

Graphic: Retrieved from CME Group Inc’s (NASDAQ: CME) FedWatch Tool.

Consequently, the equity-bond correlation break is set to persist.

Graphic: Retrieved from Credit Suisse Group AG (NYSE: CS).

Quoting a Bloomberg analysis of Credit Suisse’s Global Investment Returns Yearbook, “[b]onds, equities and real estate tend to be negatively correlated with inflation,” while “only commodities had a positive correlation, making them the only true hedge.”

However, commodities are “often susceptible to deep and lengthy drawdowns … in periods of disinflation” and falling growth expectations. Though commodities are a hedge against inflation, they aren’t a hedge against (rising odds of) recession.

Graphic: Retrieved from Credit Suisse Group AG (NYSE: CS).

So, interest rates are likely to rise and stay higher for longer. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Bridgewater Associates LP. “Nominal spending on services has continued to grow at a rapid clip of about 6% annualized. Real and nominal demand for goods has been gradually weakening. This shift in the mix of demand has implications. Services spending is an upward pressure on employment and wages, while weak goods demand has a more pronounced impact on listed company sales.”

Equities, which are particularly sensitive to interest rates, are likely to weaken despite economic and earnings growth which is set to fall (i.e., close to zero earnings growth).

Graphic: Retrieved January 5, 2023, from Nasdaq Inc’s (NASDAQ: NDAQ) Phil Mackintosh.

Quantitative tightening or QT (i.e., the flow of capital out of capital markets and an asset headwind), which has been offset by the running off of the Treasury General Account and injecting liquidity into markets (i.e., TGA runoff increases the room banks have to lend and finance trading activities) in the face of the debt ceiling issue, is set to accelerate and compound the rising rate impact.

Graphic: Via Physik Invest. Data compiled by @jkonopas623. Fed Balance Sheet data, here. Treasury General Account Data, here. Reverse Repo data, here. NL = BS – TGA – RRP.

In light of rates and QT risk asset headwind, as well as slowing growth and inflation headwind to bonds and commodities, how does one protect their portfolio? As The Ambrus Group’s Kris Sidial explains, “[e]ven if inflation continues, the rate at which it rises won’t be the same. Due to this, CTA exposures likely will not perform as well as they did in 2022, and that’s why you may see more opportunities in the volatility space … [where] we can get cheap exposure to convexity.”

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg via Tier1Alpha. “[T]he correlation between bond yields and equities, has begun to turn higher from a negative level. Remember that a negative correlation between bond yields and equity prices means equities go lower as bond prices go lower, defeating the historical diversification benefits of a 60/40-type portfolio.  Historically, this rotation has been associated with a period of LOWER returns, but it’s important to emphasize that this is because these periods are associated with Fed-induced slowdowns. Whether 2023 follows the same pattern remains to be seen.”

Please refer to past letters for trade examples. Though such trades may not be as attractive to enter now, they are attractive to keep on for longer.

Graphic: Retrieved from Nomura Holdings Inc (NYSE: NMR). Downside trades are rather attractive now in the absence of hedging demands in longer-dated protection convex in price and volatility. Naive measures like the Cboe VIX Volatility (INDEX: VVIX), as well as the graphic above, allude to the little demands for convexity and a declining sensitivity of the VIX with respect to changes in share prices.

If, as Bridgewater Associates put it, there is another stage to tightening “marked either by an economic downturn or failure to meet the inflation target, prompting more tightening,” risk assets will perform poorly and this letter’s trade examples are likely to protect portfolios well until assets appear attractive enough to buy again.

Graphic: Retrieved from NDR via Macro Ops.

Positioning

SpotGamma explains that more of the same (i.e., back-and-forth consolidation and a grind higher or lower) can be expected until some macroeconomic catalysts solicit demand for upside or downside protection and, accordingly, counterparty hedging pressures catalyze a far-reaching movement. 

As an aside, “With IV at already low levels, the bullish impact of it falling further is weak, hence the SPX trending lower all the while IV measures (e.g., VIX term structure) have shifted markedly lower since last week. If IV was at a higher starting point, its falling would work to keep the market in a far more positive/bullish stance.”

Graphic: VIX Term Structure retrieved from VIX Central via The Market Ear.

Consequently, “if traders enter the market and demand protection, particularly that which is farther-dated, the bearish effect of rising IV will far outweigh the bullish effect of it falling. This will add to the underlying/fundamental pressure we see building via weak price action.”

Technical

As of 9:20 AM ET, Wednesday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the lower part of a positively skewed overnight inventory, outside of the prior day’s range, suggesting a potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $3,965.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $3,979.75, $3,992.75, and $4,003.25.

Key levels to the downside include $3,949.00, $3,927.50, and $3,908.25.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels likely hold barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

MCPOCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent over numerous sessions. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

The author, Renato Leonard Capelj, works in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends the bulk of his time at Physik Invest, an entity through which he invests and publishes free daily analyses to thousands of subscribers. The analyses offer him and his subscribers a way to stay on the right side of the market. Separately, Capelj is an options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist.

Capelj’s past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Connect

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com. Find Physik Invest on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram. Find Capelj on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Only follow the verified profiles.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes. Capelj and Physik Invest manage their own capital and will not solicit others for it.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For February 15, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

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Graphic updated 8:30 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /ES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility. UMBS price via MND. Click here for the calendar.

Fundamental

Consumer price updates (CPI) have traders pricing (even) higher rates for longer.

Yesterday’s data showed goods deflation is underway while services inflation persists. Per Unlimited’s Bob Elliott, “the picture of inflation for the Fed today is considerably less sanguine than at the last meeting.”

Graphic: Retrieved from @VincentDeluard. “The most important indices are the prices of wage-intensive services: haircuts, childcare, dentists, lawyers. With the exception of garages (crazy inflation), they all converge towards  6.5 – 7% YoY and 0.4%-0.5% MoM. That is the true long-term inflation.”

This new data confirms the hawkishness expressed by the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) Jerome Powell last week. US Treasury interest rates shifted higher, accordingly.

Graphic: Retrieved from ustreasuryyieldcurve.com.

CME Group Inc’s (NASDAQ: CME) FedWatch Tool places the terminal rate at 5.25-5.50%, up from 5.00-5.25% on Tuesday before the CPI release. Easing is set to happen this year still in the November-December timeframe.

Graphic: Retrieved from CME Group Inc’s (NASDAQ: CME) website.

Recall “a higher interest rate environment implies a more potent” monetary tightening and heavier flow of capital out of capital markets (i.e., quantitative tightening or QT), to quote former Fed trader Joseph Wang.

The pressure from the sale of assets (e.g., USTs, MBSs) will increase interest rates and move yield-seeking market participants out of risk, hence the expectation that pressure persists on equities in 2023. 

Graphic: Retrieved from TS Lombard. “Without a recession, the disinflation from the 2021 slowdown ends sometime soon, setting up for a re-acceleration later this year. Not to 8%, but high enough for the Fed to rue its choice of slowing rate hikes when it did.”

In other words, processes like QT manifest themselves as less demand for assets. Per Fabian Wintersberger, central bankers must “recycle bonds into the markets on an unprecedented scale, which could easily lead to lower bond prices/higher yields” causing a “reflux of capital to safe-haven assets, like treasuries.” 

Graphic: Retrieved from Fidelity Investments. “The recent rally in stocks deviated from liquidity conditions, which have held steady but have not improved. This is just one reason to question whether there is an adequate foundation to support a new bull market.”

You can produce the above chart yourself. Fed Balance Sheet data, here. Treasury General Account Data, here. Reverse Repo data, here. NL = BS – TGA – RRP.

Moreover, the above chart which this letter has produced for you in the past and some would say is naive, shows so-called net liquidity.

But, according to Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS), the correlation between net liquidity and the S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX), over the past ten years is about ~0.70 and explains more than half of the movement in price-earings multiples over the past decade. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Positioning

After CPI, there was short-lived relief, as this letter expected. Following CPI, weakness surfaced and measures of traders’ activity in options markets showed a bearish tilt.

Big trades that fired off include the purchase of put options expiring in March on the S&P 500 and call options expiring in May on the Cboe Volatility Index (INDEX: VIX).

The net effect is pressure on the indexes that remain well-supported and compressed heading into big options expirations (OpEx) this week, after which the door may open to enable them to move freely and in sync with their constituents, some of which, like Alphabet Inc (NASDAQ: GOOGL) (NASDAQ: GOOG), are trading rather weak. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Tier1Alpha. “With implied correlation having fallen back to levels not seen since 2021, it’s notable that realized comovement shows no such improvement and instead sits near record highs. Whether this presages a violent snapback is unknowable, but certainly the conditions are in place.”

To explain, after OpEx, counterparty exposure to positive gamma (i.e., positive exposure to movement hedged in a way that reduces movement) will decline and “leave markets more at the whim of macro-type repositioning”; counterparties will do less to disrupt and more to bolster (i.e., add to movement). For how to trade (or how these events impact trades), see this case study by Physik Invest.

Should there be a large break lower, then “convexity could become an issue,” The Market Ear explained in a statement quoting Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS). “Inflecting CTA flow could translate to an approximately 20% sell-off in US equities over a month in a down-tape scenario.”

Graphic: Retrieved from Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS).

Technical

As of 7:30 AM ET, Wednesday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the lower part of a negatively skewed overnight inventory, inside of the prior day’s range, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $4,136.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $4,147.00, $4,159.00, and $4,168.75.

Key levels to the downside include $4,122.75, $4,104.25, and $4,083.75.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels likely hold barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

The author, Renato Leonard Capelj, works in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends the bulk of his time at Physik Invest, an entity through which he invests and publishes free daily analyses to thousands of subscribers. The analyses offer him and his subscribers a way to stay on the right side of the market. Separately, Capelj is an options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist.

Capelj’s past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Connect

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or find Physik Invest on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For February 2, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

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Graphic updated 7:30 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /ES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility.

Positioning

The Federal Reserve (Fed) upped its benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points. This puts the target rate range between 4.5% and 4.75%.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

The Fed’s Jerome Powell signaled that toughness on inflation will last; though the “disinflation process has started,” and markets are pricing about 50 basis points of cuts by year-end, Powell said rates will continue to increase at least a couple more times. He said rates may reach as high as 5.25% to cut “inflation to 2% over time.”

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Markets rallied sharply when Powell began talking. Some suggest his not “overly combative” responses were a reason. Looking back to the Daily Brief for February 1, 2023, we said that in spite of “toughness from the Fed,” markets would likely trend sideways to higher as traders would “not be able to justify the pricing of the ultra-short-dated options they demanded heading into Wednesday.”

Consequently, the supply and expiry of short-dated options coincided with dealers, who were short-stock against the puts they supplied, buying back their hedges. Kai Volatility’s Cem Karsan put this well in a media appearance pre-Fed. 

He said that “vol structurally affects how markets move” and that put options, which traders own and dealers are short (and hedging with short stock, as well), would likely go down in value as the “event vol” falls; “those vanna and charm effects will naturally lead to a buyback.”

Graphic: Retrieved from SqueezeMetrics. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness.

For context, vanna is the change in an options delta with respect to changes in IVOL. Charm is the change in an options delta with respect to changes in time. These are second-order derivatives of an option’s value, once to time or IVOL, and once to delta.

The positive market response, however, should not overly excite. Rather, the market is in a precarious position, and the compression of volatility, given its low starting point, probably does little to encourage a long-lasting rally.

Graphic: Small spread between realized (RVOL) and implied (IVOL) volatility. Retrieved from Bloomberg via CME Group Inc (NASDAQ: CME) analysis.

Trades this letter put forth (e.g., call butterflies and ratio spreads) that would benefit from a sharp move higher while limiting the downside, in products like the Nasdaq 100 (INDEX: NDX), are working spectacularly. In fact, while your letter writer was traveling, his trading partner initiated some +1 x -2 (17 FEB 23 13500/14000) call ratio spreads for free (i.e., $0.00 debit or better to enter), and those spreads are now pricing over $6.00 credit to close. That’s $600.00. Nice job, Justin!

Anyways, though markets could continue trending higher, the risks for a move lower, particularly after mid-February, are increasing some say. Additionally, though we keep our technical analysis usually limited to volume and market profiles, there are a few anchored volume-weighted average price levels sticking out just above current prices.

For context, VWAPs are metrics highly regarded by chief investment officers, among other participants, for the quality of trade. Additionally, liquidity algorithms are benchmarked and programmed to buy and sell around VWAPs.

Graphic: SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (NYSE: SPY) daily chart retrieved from TradingView.

Knowing that longer-dated S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX) implied volatility (IVOL) is cheap, now attractive trades include selling rich call verticals to finance put verticals.

As an aside, there are a number of reasons for calls pricing the way they do. Some of them include the opportunity cost of forgone interest (i.e., buy a call and invest the outlay difference in an interest-bearing account), as well as a fear of missing out in the context of a lower liquidity environment and less supply to absorb demand for hedging (hence higher lows in the VIX).

Graphic: Retrieved from Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS).

Technical

As of 7:30 AM ET, Thursday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the middle part of a balanced overnight inventory, inside of the prior range, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $4,153.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $4,165.75, $4,189.25, and $4,202.75.

Key levels to the downside include $4,136.75, $4,122.50, and $4,100.25.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels hold weight barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

About

In short, Renato Leonard Capelj is an economics graduate working in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends most of his time as the founder of Physik Invest through which he invests and publishes daily analyses to subscribers, some of whom represent well-known institutions.

Separately, Capelj is an equity options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist interviewing global leaders in business, government, and finance.

Past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Contact

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For February 1, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

Subscribe
Graphic updated 8:00 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /ES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility.

Positioning

Markets think the Federal Reserve (Fed) raises its benchmark rate by 25 basis points. Notwithstanding the less aggressive hike, strategists believe the Fed will stay tougher on inflation for far longer and, accordingly, crush traders’ optimism.

“I suspect the Fed messaging tomorrow will push back against the pivot narrative and thereby current bond market pricing,” DoubleLine Capital CIO Jeffrey Gundlach said. Former investment banker and trader, as well as the president of the Minneapolis Fed, Neel Kashkari warned the Fed is set on finishing the job and cutting inflation, even if it costs millions of Americans their jobs. “I’ve spent enough time around Wall Street to know that they are culturally, institutionally, optimistic,” he said.

Further, relief in markets (e.g., stocks, housing) is a boon for asset owners and may enable companies to raise cash, bid up equipment prices, and demand new hires. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Mortgage News Daily. “A trend of [increasing] purchase applications implies home buyer demand is [increasing].” The prevailing narrative is that the Fed wants less inflation and less demand. This narrative’s been disrupted, in part. Recall our Monday letter talking about investors’ desire to put their cash to work and the demand for treasuries (i.e., bond bid and yield pressured) which forced investors into previously depressed assets.

With inflation still a problem, regardless of whether there are better solutions as we put forth in the January 31 letter, the Fed is looking to keep rates above 5% for the rest of 2023, though markets are pricing a pivot far earlier and at a lower rate.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Despite the expectation of toughness from the Fed, markets have not broken down. Rather, if we zoom out, they are trending sideways to higher and may continue to do so. That’s according to Kai Volatility’s Cem Karsan who says that implied volatility (IVOL) is heightened across options with very little time to expiry (1- to 3-days). 

“Event vol, which is the pricing of one-, two-, and three-day options, is significantly higher than everything else behind it right now,” he said, noting that customers’ or traders’ demands for downside put protection is the culprit. That said, despite the committee’s recent hawkishness, “the market responded relatively well at those levels, and you’re seeing vol come back down.”

Graphic: Retrieved from TradingView. First included in SpotGamma’s PM Note for 1/31/2023. During Tuesday’s strength, measures of IVOL, such as the Cboe Volatility Index (INDEX: VIX) fell, though the VIX did not move lower in as sharp of a fashion that the S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX) traded higher. In fact, the VIX trended up into the close, after a mid-day bottom, suggesting some left-over hedging demands ahead of some important macroeconomic drivers this week.

“I think that’s kind of likely what you’re going to see, regardless of what the Fed does,” Karsan added. That’s because, barring some unexpected development, traders will not be able to justify the pricing of ultra-short-dated options post-Fed; the supply and expiry of short-dated options will coincide with the dealers or market makers who are short-stock against the puts they supplied buying back their hedges.

“Vol structurally affects how markets move. Puts are the way people hedge in the market and dealers are short the puts. If you have an event vol that comes down, those vanna and charm effects will naturally lead to a buyback,” post-Fed.

For context, vanna is the change in an options delta with respect to changes in IVOL. Charm is the change in an options delta with respect to changes in time. These are second-order derivatives of an option’s value, once to time or IVOL, and once to delta.

As your letter writer explained in a SpotGamma analysis yesterday, we saw an interest to hedge heading into this week’s Fed announcement. This coincided with a slight rebound in measures like the Cboe VIX Volatility (INDEX: VVIX) (which, in general, reads low and suggests convexity is a good place to be), and put a damper on the rally, hence its climax on Friday.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Moreover, if “macroeconomic events do not disappoint, IVOL compression may provide markets a boost,” SpotGamma explained. “Notwithstanding, the marginal compression of heightened IVOL, because of its lower starting point, probably does less to encourage a longer-lasting rally,” hence the thought that, if there was to be relief post-Fed, it would likely last up until the mid-February monthly options expiration (OpEx). OpEx’s removal of traders’ options protection (as well as dealers’ supportive buyback to those options that were demanded), may leave the market at risk of bearish macro-type flows.

Compounding the risk is traders’ expected reaction in case of weakness. The desire to hedge during a drop would coincide with a re-pricing in IVOL dangerous to anyone who is short volatility, hence this letter’s recent focus on owning the S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX) via call butterflies and call ratio spreads, the sorts of trades that would benefit from an SPX and VIX up environment (the result of traders bidding up call options due to their fear of missing out, in the context of less liquidity to absorb those demands).

To summarize everything, we have the Fed rate decision coming up. After, markets will be volatile but more likely to trend higher into mid-February, bolstered by traders’ fears of missing out in the context of a lower liquidity environment, as well as stimulus (e.g., falling Treasury General Account played into an easing of financial conditions by making it easier for banks to lend and finance trading activities). After mid-February, the window for markets to weaken and accelerate to the downside may open, based on the information we have today.

As an aside, the last time the Nasdaq 100 (INDEX: NDX) was up more than 10% in January was in 2001, The Market Ear informed subscribers yesterday.

Graphic: Retrieved from BNP Paribas ADR (OTC: BNPQY) via The Market Ear.

Should you wish to hedge, longer-dated SPX IVOL is cheap, relative to recent history.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bank of America Corporation (NYSE: BAC) via The Market Ear.

Finally, if you’re interested in following further along the fundamental conversation in Tuesday’s letter, check out Dr. Pippa Malmgren’s post on “ancient empires springing back to life.”

Technical

As of 8:00 AM ET, Wednesday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the middle part of a negatively skewed overnight inventory, inside of the prior range, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $4,087.00. 

Key levels to the upside include $4,100.25, $4,122.50, and $4,136.75.

Key levels to the downside include $4,071.50, $4,055.00, and $4,028.75.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the updated key levels via the web-based TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels hold weight barring an exogenous development.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

In short, Renato Leonard Capelj is an economics graduate working in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends most of his time as the founder of Physik Invest through which he invests and publishes daily analyses to subscribers, some of whom represent well-known institutions.

Separately, Capelj is an equity options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist interviewing global leaders in business, government, and finance.

Past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Contact

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For January 30, 2023

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

Subscribe
Graphic updated 8:45 AM ET. Sentiment Risk-Off if expected /ES open is below the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. The CBOE VIX Volatility Index (INDEX: VVIX) reflects the attractiveness of owning volatility.

Fundamental

Since the start of 2023, markets have trended higher. This has coincided with traders’ expectations that inflation has peaked and the pace of tightening should slow or peak soon, China re-opening, and the aversion of an energy crisis abroad, given a warmer-than-expected winter.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Investors continue to sit on a lot of cash, at this time. 

Graphic: Retrieved from Bank Of America Corporation (NYSE: BAC) via Bloomberg.

Some, in their desire to put their cash to work, have demanded Treasuries.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg. “Each of the Treasury auctions this month were awarded at a yield lower than expected based on pre-sale trading, known as ‘stopping through’ — meaning that demand was strong. Primary dealers (who are obligated to bid) in Thursday’s $35 billion offering of seven-year notes picked up just 6.1% of the securities, the smallest in any Treasury note or bond auction in data going back to 2003.”

Strong demand during Treasury auctions (i.e., bond bid and yield pressured), as some suggest, is forcing investors into previously depressed equities which Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS) showed investors selling heavily leading up to 2023.

Graphic: Retrieved from Goldman Sachs Group Inc (NYSE: GS) via The Market Ear.

In fact, Treasury auctions have coincided with big demand for short-dated exposure to call options and short-covering.

Graphic: Retrieved from SpotGamma’s Weekend Note. “Last week’s bullishness appeared to be bolstered by very strong treasury auctions, which ignited the trade of short-dated (i.e., 0 DTE) call options. You can see this relationship in the image below wherein large 0DTE options flow (bottom) were triggered by the 1 PM ET treasury auction (red vertical line).”

Additionally, the markets have enjoyed a liquidity boost, also a driver of equity market relief. The Treasury General Account (TGA), or the government’s checking account, if we will, was driven down and played into an easing of financial conditions which has benefitted stocks.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Per past letters, we note that a falling TGA is likely to be accompanied by a rise in bank reserves (liabilities to the Fed), increasing the room banks have to lend and finance trading activities which add to market liquidity. This added market liquidity, some suggest, is due to the debt ceiling. Consequently, once a debt ceiling deal is signed, run for the hills!

Graphic: Retrieved from Fabian Wintersberger. “One driving factor is the US is facing its debt ceiling (again). Hence, the US treasury needs to run off its Treasury General Account, which injects liquidity into markets from which stock markets benefit.”

Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS) concurs:

“[T]he single most important driver of equities over the last year has been excess liquidity, and it’s about to turn more restrictive. The amount of liquidity in the system is about to change again – the Treasury is increasing bill issuance sizes, which will drain liquidity from the system. The Treasury could build cash by more than $200 billion over the span of a month – which on top of QT will effectively drain nearly $300 billion from bank reserves – which implies the S&P 500 should be 6% lower over the net month.”

Anyways, strategists think markets are underestimating the Fed which is likely to keep rates higher for longer. There are not enough restrictions to reduce inflation. This would ultimately boost capital costs, leading to earnings misses and lower EPS.

Graphic: Retrieved from Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS) via The Market Ear. “[M]isses, both on revenue and margin, were not punished as much as they have been historically.”

If this market strength is, in part, the result of a so-called front-running of the Fed’s pivot from tightening, either the failure to realize a pivot or an eventual pivot may be followed by the markets selling (i.e., buy the rumor and sell the news scenario). 

Graphic: Retrieved from Fabian Wintersberger. “Neither the ECB nor the Fed is restrictive enough to bring inflation back to 2 %. A look at the Volcker era shows that it is necessary to increase real interest rates above the inflation rate for a prolonged period to achieve that.”

A chart to tack on here at the end of the section is FINRA margin debt versus the S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX). In short, this measure is not supportive of the move up in stocks. More on this sometime later. Take care!

Graphic: Retrieved from Tier1Alpha via Callum Thomas.

Technical

As of 8:45 AM ET, Monday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the lower part of a negatively skewed overnight inventory, outside of the prior range, suggesting a potential for immediate directional opportunity.

The S&P 500 pivot for today is $4,050.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $4,061.75, $4,071.50, and $4,087.00.

Key levels to the downside include $4,028.75, $4,011.75, and $3,998.25.

Disclaimer: Click here to load the key levels via the TradingView platform. New links are produced daily. Quoted levels hold weight barring exogenous event.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for a period of time, this will be identified by a low-volume area (LVNodes). The LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to the nearest HVNodes for more favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

In short, Renato Leonard Capelj is an economics graduate working in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends most of his time as the founder of Physik Invest through which he invests and publishes daily analyses to subscribers, some of whom represent well-known institutions.

Separately, Capelj is an equity options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist interviewing global leaders in business, government, and finance.

Past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Contact

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For December 27, 2022

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

Subscribe
Graphic updated 9:00 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /ES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Levels may have changed since initially quoted; click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. VIX reflects a current reading of the CBOE Volatility Index (INDEX: VIX) from 0-100.

Administrative

On December 23, 2022, issued was an in-depth trade recap. Check it out here. Adding, in that recap, shortly after release, your letter writer found he made a mistake in the ~11th paragraph. The incorrect greeks were listed, and that issue has been fixed online. Apologies.

Fundamental

Last week, the Bank of Japan’s (BoJ) Governor Haruhiko Kuroda sparked a rise in the yen and a fall in domestic US bonds, potentially ahead of some policy normalization. 

Japanese government bond yields can rise 0.5% versus 0.25% after a change to the BoJ’s yield-curve control policy, a tool used to fight the persistent “stagnation,” per Andreas Steno Larsen’s letter.

“Whatever the BOJ calls this, it is a step toward an exit,” said Masamichi Adachi, chief Japan economist at UBS Group AG (NYSE: UBS) Securities. “This opens a door for a possible rate hike in 2023,” and no more negative interest rates.

This development is not that good for so-called carry trades, as Bloomberg explained, “in which investors borrow in cheaper currencies to finance purchases of higher-yielding peers,” or, even, equities and other risk assets.

Graphic: Retrieved from Japan Securities Clearing Corporation’s website. Who is getting the margin call? Those who may be leveraged short yields. Adding, per Interactive Brokers Group Inc (NASDAQ: IBKR), “those who had the carry trade on should be getting clobbered with the yen rising dramatically. It is now about 3.8% more expensive to pay back the borrowed yen.”

The yen was a popular funding currency. It may not be any longer if this “is the first step towards tightening,” wrote Brown Brothers Harriman strategists, though the BoJ said, yesterday, this was “definitely not a step toward an exit,” with Steno Larsen adding QE “actually increased by 25%.”

Though “higher yields at home [in Japan] could mean less investment” from Japan, Bloomberg said, US stock and bond flows after the news hit suggest the carry trade may not be as impactful, to add.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg. Equities’ “advantage over bonds” is slimming.

Some, like Steno Larsen, conclude concerns, albeit warranted, may be overblown; in mid-2023, global inflation pressures likely “fade[] sufficiently to allow BoJ to resume its dovish stance,” all the while on recession fears, a “Fed pause or pivot is ultimately what will bring the Japanese lifers and pension funds back to the US Treasury table and a reversal of the USDJPY trade.”

So what?

Liquidity, though appearing positive amid an “empty[ing of] the TGA (Treasury General Account) … ahead of the debt ceiling [cross]-over,” is on a downward trajectory into the second and third quarters, after which “a pivot from the Fed [prompts] … a disinflation rally.”

So, per Steno Larsen, markets go sideways to higher to start the year and, then, down. Therefore, favor “having some equity beta” heading into 2023.

Position in “sectors that can swallow a simultaneous drop in the ISM and CPI on a relative basis … [include] utilities, health care, and staples.”

Graphic: Retrieved from Andreas Steno Larsen. “New year’s liquidity looks positive before getting worse during Q2/Q3.”

Technical

As of 8:55 AM ET, Tuesday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the lower part of a balanced overnight inventory, just inside of the prior-range and -value, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

Our S&P 500 pivot for today is $3,859.00. 

Key levels to the upside include $3,879.25, $3,893.75, and $3,908.25. 

Key levels to the downside include $3,838.25, $3,813.25, and $3,793.25.

Click here to load today’s key levels into the web-based TradingView platform. All levels are derived using the 65-minute timeframe. New links are produced, daily.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for long periods of time, it will be identified by low-volume areas (LVNodes). LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to HVNodes for favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

MCPOCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent over numerous sessions. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for long periods of time, it will be identified by low-volume areas (LVNodes). LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to HVNodes for favorable entry or exit.

POCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

MCPOCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent over numerous sessions. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

About

In short, an economics graduate working in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends most of his time as the founder of Physik Invest through which he invests and publishes daily analyses to subscribers, some of whom represent well-known institutions.

Separately, Capelj is an equity options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist interviewing global leaders in business, government, and finance.

Past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Contact

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Calendar

You may view this letter’s content calendar at this link.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.

Categories
Commentary

Daily Brief For November 30, 2022

Physik Invest’s Daily Brief is read by thousands of subscribers. You, too, can join this community to learn about the fundamental and technical drivers of markets.

Subscribe
Graphic updated 7:20 AM ET. Sentiment Neutral if expected /ES open is inside of the prior day’s range. /ES levels are derived from the profile graphic at the bottom of this letter. Levels may have changed since initially quoted; click here for the latest levels. SqueezeMetrics Dark Pool Index (DIX) and Gamma (GEX) with the latter calculated based on where the prior day’s reading falls with respect to the MAX and MIN of all occurrences available. A higher DIX is bullish. At the same time, the lower the GEX, the more (expected) volatility. Click to learn the implications of volatility, direction, and moneyness. Breadth reflects a reading of the prior day’s NYSE Advance/Decline indicator. VIX reflects a current reading of the CBOE Volatility Index (INDEX: VIX) from 0-100.

Administrative

For the first time in a while, I am able to catch up to and focus more on active trading, hence the earlier letter, today. What a crazy past few months. Almost back to normal!

We will issue a content calendar, soon, revealing the dates letters are likely to be published and the content that may be covered.

That said, due to the writer’s travel commitments, from 12/6 to 12/9 and 12/12 to 12/16 there will be no commentaries. If any queries, or if you are local to New York City or Paris, ping renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Fundamental

In many ways, the opposite of what happened to bolster a rally across risk assets like equities and crypto is happening, now. As unpacked in detail across letters including our Daily Brief for October 5, 2022, liquidity measures are in a near-lockstep fall with the S&P 500 (INDEX: SPX).

The correlation between so-called net liquidity described further below, and the S&P 500, over the past ten years is about 0.70 and explains more than half of the movement in price-earings multiples over the past decade.

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg.

Detailed in previous letters was how processes like quantitative tightening manifest themselves as less demand for assets; per Fabian Wintersberger, central bankers must “recycle bonds into the markets on an unprecedented scale, which could easily lead to lower bond prices/higher yields” causing a “reflux of capital to safe-haven assets, like treasuries.”

Alfonso Peccatiello of The Macro Compass details more on the impact of more or less financial sector money in a post titled “All They Told You About Money Printing Is Really, Really Wrong.”

Adding, “the Fed has [only] reduced its holdings by 1.5% by letting bonds mature on its balance sheet. If they want to reduce the balance sheet back to the level of 2020, it needs to reduce it by 41%; … [therefore], [i]f history is any guide, the stock market has yet to face its most significant problems in such a scenario.”

Morgan Stanley’s (NYSE: MS) trading team agrees, per a recent Bloomberg article on a looming bear case for the S&P 500.

Though “rate increases get all the blame for this year’s bear market” and a projected “slowdown in the pace of rate hikes” helping “equities emerge from the yearlong bear, … the S&P 500 will drop as much as 15% by March, based on historic patterns and projected money flows,” which major inputs include “changes in the Fed’s balance sheet (BS); the Treasury General Account (TGA), or Treasury cash held at the central bank; and Reverse Repo Facilities (RRP), or cash parked at the Fed by money market funds and others.”

Graphic: Retrieved from Bloomberg. Inflation increases are easing.

In other words, net liquidity is the Fed’s BS less TGA and RRP. See the below graphic.

Accordingly, “a rise in Fed’s balance sheet means an expansion in liquidity that bodes well for stocks, while an increase in TGA or RRP suggests a contraction in liquidity.” 

Based on the QT pace ($95 billion per month) and forecasts the Treasury cash balance will “rise by $200 billion into yearend, … [amounting] to a squeezing of liquidity that alone implies an 8% drop for the S&P 500 by the end of December.”

Graphic: Via Physik Invest. Data compiled by @jkonopas623. Fed Balance Sheet data, here. Treasury General Account Data, here. Reverse Repo data, here. NL = BS – TGA – RRP.

In summary, “there’s no longer enough money to finance [the] production of those goods and to support a stock market that’s still far from cheap.”

Graphic: Retrieved from VettaFi. “If the supply of money (in aggregate, M2) is higher than the demand for money (represented by nominal GDP), then there is “excess” liquidity that can and will find its way into asset prices.  Furthermore, if the growth of money supply exceeds the growth of GDP, that excess liquidity builds, and there is more of it to find its way into more asset prices.  In theory, the inverse would also hold true.  If the growth of GDP exceeds the growth of money supply, then excess liquidity is being consumed by the demand for money.  In this scenario, the real economy is feeding on liquidity that was once flowing into asset prices.”

Positioning

As we said earlier this week (November 29, 2022, and November 28, 2022), it’s not a terrible time to hedge, and selling volatility, blindly, on either side of the market, is not a great trade.

As SpotGamma put well, yesterday, implied volatility (IVOL) is at a low meaning “it makes sense to buy volatility and put on trades that make money if the market moves” but leverage the skew to sell “options to cut down the cost of waiting for that movement to happen.”

In our letter, yesterday, we highlighted Nasdaq 100 (INDEX: NDX) volatility skew and showed it was smile-shaped, rather than the typical smirk-shaped reverse pattern, making for some great trades to the upside. Through steeper call volatility skew – a result of traders positioning for an upside move – we can use the richness of further away calls to reduce the cost of our bets on the market upside.

Graphic: Updated 11/28/2022. Retrieved from Interactive Brokers (NASDAQ: IBKR). Nasdaq 100 (INDEX: NDX) volatility skew resembles the so-called smile.

For instance, low-cost 500-1000 points wide call ratio spreads (buy the closer leg, sell two of the farther legs) expiring in fifteen days may work well (e.g., SELL -1 1/2 BACKRATIO NDX 100 16 DEC 22 [AM] 13425/13925 CALL @.20 CR LMT). The immediate concern with these strategies is your exposure to Delta (i.e., direction) and Gamma (i.e., does movement make you money).

The required reading is Dynamic Hedging: Managing Vanilla and Exotic Options!

Graphic: Retrieved from the Charles Schwab Corporation-owned (NYSE: SCHW) thinkorswim platform. Nasdaq 100 options prices.

If you are exposed to +Delta and +Gamma, your trade makes money in an increasing way as the market rises, barring any other changes (e.g., passage of time, increases in volatility, etc).

If you are exposed to -Delta and -Gamma, your trade loses money in an increasing way as the market rises, barring any other changes. Should the movement happen quickly, and volatility rise, which is not likely, then that worsens the situation. 

The required reading is Dynamic Hedging: Managing Vanilla and Exotic Options!

This is not advice but a framework for how to act on the theory we talk about on a daily basis. In short, don’t sell calls and puts blindly. Adding, the above trade may not provide safe exposure to the market upside or downside. Given the sideways trade and contraction in ranges, we aim to be well-positioned for a move from low to high volatility. Stay safe and watch your risk.

Noting, should you sell IVOL, the market trade lower, and the demand for IVOL rises, you may be left in an awkward position; big market drops statistically add to the likelihood of more drops.

Read The Second Leg Down: Strategies for Profiting after a Market Sell-Off!

Graphic: Retrieved from SqueezeMetrics.

Technical

As of 7:15 AM ET, Wednesday’s regular session (9:30 AM – 4:00 PM ET), in the S&P 500, is likely to open in the upper part of a positively skewed overnight inventory, inside of prior-range and -value, suggesting a limited potential for immediate directional opportunity.

Our S&P 500 pivot for today is $3,965.25. 

Key levels to the upside include $3,997.00, $4,024.00, and $4,051.00. 

Key levels to the downside include $3,923.00, $3,909.25, and $3,871.25.

Click here to load today’s key levels into the web-based TradingView platform. All levels are derived using the 65-minute timeframe. New links are produced, daily.

Graphic: 65-minute profile chart of the Micro E-mini S&P 500 Futures.

Definitions

Volume Areas: Markets will build on areas of high-volume (HVNodes). Should the market trend for long periods of time, it will be identified by low-volume areas (LVNodes). LVNodes denote directional conviction and ought to offer support on any test.

If participants auction and find acceptance in an area of a prior LVNode, then future discovery ought to be volatile and quick as participants look to HVNodes for favorable entry or exit.

Gamma: The sensitivity of an option’s Delta to changes in the underlying asset’s price.

Volga: The sensitivity of an option’s Vega to changes in the underlying’s implied volatility.

POCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent in a prior day session. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

MCPOCs: Denote areas where two-sided trade was most prevalent over numerous sessions. Participants will respond to future tests of value as they offer favorable entry and exit.

Volume-Weighted Average Prices (VWAPs): A metric highly regarded by chief investment officers, among other participants, for quality of trade. Additionally, liquidity algorithms are benchmarked and programmed to buy and sell around VWAPs.

About

In short, an economics graduate working in finance and journalism.

Capelj spends most of his time as the founder of Physik Invest through which he invests and publishes daily analyses to subscribers, some of whom represent well-known institutions.

Separately, Capelj is an equity options analyst at SpotGamma and an accredited journalist interviewing global leaders in business, government, and finance.

Past works include conversations with investor Kevin O’Leary, ARK Invest’s Catherine Wood, FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried, Lithuania’s Minister of Economy and Innovation Aušrinė Armonaitė, former Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers, and persons at the Clinton Global Initiative.

Contact

Direct queries to renato@physikinvest.com or Renato Capelj#8625 on Discord.

Disclaimer

Do not construe this newsletter as advice. All content is for informational purposes.